grammar review الجزء التانى
For----------now Since --------------still
For ---------still All + فتره زمنيه
So far ------now فاعل hasn't stopped – finished yet
She has been doing the housework since 7.30 and she hasn't finished yet.
He (study – studied – has been studying – has studied) English for 2 years now.
- لو حدد عدد المرات نستخدم المضارع التام البسيط وليس المستمر
He has (written – been writing) 6 reports since last night.
- يستخدم المضارع التام المستمر مع الأفعال التي تستغرق وقت طويلا.
Travel – work – wait – live – stay – sleep – learn - ---------------
- لا يستخدم مع أفعال الحواس والإدراك والشعور والعاطفة.
Believe – forget – hate – know – like – mean – understand – seem – prefer – own---
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــ
Choose the correct answer:
1- I -------------my home work yet
a- have met b- have met c- didn't meet d- will not meat
2- I --------------this secret for a week now.
a-have known b- have been knowing c- had known d- will know
3- Noha has ----------------drunk coffee.
a- ago b- since c- ever d- just
4- Shoes and bags are made ------------------leather.
a- in b- of c- of
d-with
5- Many improvements -------------------in Egypt since 1952.
a- have made b- have been making c- have been made d-had been made
6- He -----------------in hospital since he was ill.
a- had stayed b- stayed c- has stayed d- stays
7- Have you----------------- seen a beautiful garden like this?
a- never b- already c- since d- ever
8- It ----------------------- all day. It hasn't stopped yet.
a- has rained b- has been rained c- had been raining d-has been raining
9- I have been learning English -------------------------------10 years now.
a- for b- ago c- since d-yet
10- He graduated from the faculty of engineering -------------2005.
a- for b- since c- in d-on
11- She ----------------------for seven hours now.
a- has slept b- have slept c- has been slept d-has been sleeping
12- The last time I ---------------Hosam was two years ago.
a- met b- have met c- meet d- will meat
13- This is the most exciting story I -------------------.
a- read b- have read c- am reading d- had read
14- We have been living in Tanta --------------we returned from Saudi Arabia.
a- since b- for c- ago d- when
15- He is away, I don't know where he -----------------------.
a- was gone b- has gone to c- has been to d- is going
16- Have you ever ------------------to the pyramids?
a- visited b- been visited c- been d- been visiting
17- He has worked as a taxi driver ---------------5years.
a- since b- for c- ago d- to
18- Mona hasn't seen her mother ---------------------last Friday morning.
a- for b- since c- ago d- from
Rewrite the following
1- He finished his work a moment ago. (just)
2-I went to Alexandria and came back. (have)
3- It's along time since we he wrote to me. (for)
4- He has gone to London since 1995. (for)
5- We last phoned him when he was in the hospital. (haven't)
6- My uncle phoned us a moment ago. (just)
7- It hasn't rained her for years. (The last time)
8- Its five years since I had a car. (for)
9- I haven't met him for two months. (since)
10- It is still raining. (not yet)
11- He has traveled to London and came back. (has been)
12- The last time I visited my village was two years ago. (since)
13-Up till now, no one has beaten him at chess. (never)
14-He is still answering the test. (finished)
15- It's two months since I last ate fish. (haven't)
زمـــــن الــمــــاضــــي الـتــــام
تكوينه :
استخدامه
إذا وقع حدثان في الماضي فان الحدث الذي تم أولا يكون زمنه ماضي تام والحدث الذي تم ثانيا يكون زمنه ماضي بسيط .
After
As soon as + فاعل + ماضي تام , فاعل + ماضي بسيط
When
First, he watched the film, and then he went to bed. (After)
After he had watched the film, he went to bed.
Till
مــاضـي بسيــط مـنفـي + فــاعـــل + فــاعــل مـاضـي تــام
) didn’t + المصدر (Until (had + P.P)
He didn’t go home until he had watched TV.
no sooner + p.p -----than
فاعل + had hardly + p.p ------when فاعل + ماضي بسيط
Scarcely + p.p ------when
He had no sooner watched TV than he went to bed.
ملحوظة :
إذا بدأت الجملة بإحدى هذه الكلمات , تأتى الجملة بعدها علي هيئه استفهام :-
No sooner than
Hardly + had فاعل + + p.p when فاعل + ماضي بسيط
Scarcely when
Hardly had he watched TV when he went to bed.
فــاعــل + ماضي تــام before فــاعــل + مــاضــي بسيـــط
فــاعــل + ماضي تــام by the time فــاعــل + مــاضــي بسيـــط
First, he made a plan. Then he robbed the bank.
He had made a plan before he robbed the bank.
ملاحظات :
1- إذا حذفنا الفاعل بعد after , before نستخدم ( v + ing ) أو ( noun ) بعد الرابط
After making a plan, he robbed the bank.
Before lunch, we had watched TV.
2- يمكن حذف after ونستخدم
Having + p.p , فــاعــل + مـــاضــي بـسيــطـ
Having watched TV, I went to bed .
3- جميع الروابط الزمنية إذا آتي قبلها مستقبل بسيط يأتي بعدها مضارع بسيط آو مضارع تام
I will make a plan before I begin the project.
Choose the correct answer:
1-He didn’t receive my letter I ----------- to him two days ago.
a- had sent b- have sent c- would sent d- sent
2- By the time the police ------------, the thief had escaped
a- arrive b- had arrived c- have arrived d- arrived
3- After -------- a new house, he will marry.
a- set up b- had set up c- have set
d- setting up
4- Having ---------- the letter, I posted it.
a- write b- wrote c- writing d- written
5- Before he passed the exam, Ali ------------- hard.
a- studied b- had studied c- have studied d- studies
6- I didn’t answer the question ------------ I had read the question paper.
a- until b- after c- when d- before
7- As soon as he ---------- at the airport, he telephoned me.
a- arrived b- had arrived c- arriving d- arrives
8- No sooner ----------- the letter than he posted it.
a - he wrote b- has he written c- he had written d - had he written
9- He -------- find a job until he had graduated.
a- won’t b- doesn’t c- didn’t d- couldn’t
10- He ------ no sooner finished his work than he went to the club.
a- had b- did c- has d- was
11- He missed the bus because he ------------ late.
a- had got up b- gets c- has got up d- got up
12-he didn’t remember the promise he -----------
a- took b- has taken c- takes d- had taken
13- As soon as I ---------- the ticket, I ran to catch the bus.
a- bough b- had bought c- have bought d- was buying
14-He ------------me his book yesterday.
a- gave b- gives c- had given d- will give
15- The patient ---------------before the doctor came.
a- died b- dies c- had died d- has died
16- As soon as he had arrived in London he -----------------me.
a- has phoned b- phones c- had phoned d- phoned
17- She --------------------a teacher before she became a guide.
a- has been b- had been c- was being d- is
18- By the time he was five, he ---------------------to write.
a- learnt b- learns c- had learnt d- would learn
19- My father didn't remember the promise ----------------------------.
a- had made b- made c- makes d- has made
20- She --------------her lunch until her husband had come.
a- had had b- won't have c- wasn't have d-didn't have
21- after the report ----------------, I handed it to the manager.
a-had finished b- had been finished c- has been finished d-finished
22- Having graduated, he ------------------abroad.
a- traveled b- had traveled c- has traveled d- travels
23- After --------------my work, I went home.
a-had finished b- finished c- finishing d- being finished
24- They said that the driver ----------------------the accident.
a-had cause b-was caused c- had caused d-has caused
25- I took the medicine when I --------------------- a meal.
a- has had b- have had c- had d- had had
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- He was punished for not paying the fine (because)
2- He left the place when his friend came. (Until)
3- Having visited his uncle, he went shopping. (After)
4- I didn’t know about her success until I had met her (after)
5-She didn’t marry till she had graduated. (When)
6- After I had studied, I went to bed. (Till)
7- He felt ill from eating too much caned food, (By the time)
8- She wrote a postcard then she went to the post office. (Before)
9-I had my breakfast, but before that, I took some exercise (I didn’t)
10 - Why don’t you phone Dalia? (How)
11 - Akram borrowed a tennis racket from Fawzi. (Lent)
12 - He didn’t leave without talking the money. (Until)
13- They weren't eager to work until they had had a holiday. (After)
14- He left the room after taking permission. (before)
15- We went for a walk but first we finished our work. (Having)
16- You were cold because you didn't wear a coat. (If)
17- We didn't visit the museum as we hadn't time. (If)
18- Without doctors' efforts, many patients would have died. (unless)
19- I didn't know the good news as I was abroad. (If)
20- If I had known you were a sleep, I wouldn't have played the piano. (I didn't)
المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول
لتحويل الجملة منactive إلى passive نتبع الخطوات التالية
( الفاعل +by ) + p.p + في زمن الجملة to be المفعول
الجدول التالي يوضح تركيب الأفعال في صيغة المبنى للمجهول
Passive Active
am , is are + p.p المضارع البسيط
was , were + p.p الماضي البسيط
have , has + been + p.p المضارع التام
had + been + p.p الماضي التام
will have been + p.p المستقبل التام
am , is , are + being + p.p. المضارع المستمر
was , were + p.p الماضي المستمر
will + be + being المستقبل البسيط
may , can , must , + be + p.p
have to , had to + be +p.p
الأفعال الناقصة
will,may, shall, must
Ex.
1- Some body cleans my office every day. - My office is cleaned everyday.
2- Ali presented a car to his son. - A car was presented to Ali’s son.
3- Someone is repairing my car. - My car is being repaired.
4- Someone was watching him. - He was being watched.
5- Some one has stolen his car. - His car has been stolen.
6- He has been repairing the car. - The car has been repaired.
7- She had cooked lunch. - Lunch had been cooked.
8- He had been painting the drawing. - The drawing had been painted.
9- Someone will meet you at the station. - You will be met at the station.
10- He can sell the car if you agree. -The car can be sold if you agree.
هناك أفعال مساعده أخرى مثل :
Active Passive
Has to, have to, had to, would
Ought to, going to, be going to + المصدر
الفعل الناقص + be + p.p
1-Someone must show her what to do.
She must be shown what to do next.
2- They are going to draw a new plan.
A new plan is going to be drawn.
إذا وجد في الجملة فعل مساعد يتبعه ( have + p.p ) اتبع الآتي:
Will have
Must have
Can’t have
+ مفعول May have + been + p.p
Might have
Should have
Ought to have
Ex.
1-They will have done the homework by 7.30 tonight.
-The homework will have done by 7.30 tonight
2- He can’t have known the truth
-The truth can’t have been known.
ملاحــظــات :-
1- إذا كانت الجملة منفية بـ “ t’doesn “ أو “t’didn " احذفها واستخدم :-
“am , is , are + not + p.p "
2- إذا كانت الجملة منفية ب “t’didn “ احذفها واستخدم :-
“ was , were + not + p.p
Ex :-
Active :- The boy doesn’t drink the milk .
Passive :- The milk isn’t drunk .
Active :- They didn't write the lesson .
Passive :- The lesson wasn’t written .
عند تحويل السؤال إلى ( passive) :-
1- يحول السؤال إلى جملة خبرية ويحذف علامة الاستفهام .
2- تحول الجملة الخبرية إلى المبنى للمجهول .
3- توضع الجملة بعد تحويلها إلى صيغة الاستفهام
Ex :-
1- Do people speak English ?
Is English spoken?
2- Did he buy a car ?
Was a car bought ?
3- Can he answer the question ?
Can The question be answered ?
4- Where did they hide the treasure ?
Where was the treasure hidden ?
ملاحظات :-
* إذا بدأ السؤال بـ ( who ) تحول إلى ( by whom )
Ex:-
Who killed the dog ?
By whom was the dog killed ?
+ p.p ? المفعول + في زمن الجملة + to be أداة الاستفهام *
Re write the following sentences:-
1- When will you buy the new car ? (be)
2- How did you do it ? (was)
3- I‘m cleaning my room . (being)
4- Who solve the problem ? (by whom )
5- Can you understand this lesson ? (passive )
6- No body answered the question . (passive)
7- They build a new house . (is)
8- I’m reading a story . (being)
9- I’ll have built a new house . (been)
10- You ought to help your friend . (be)
11- We haven’t told him the truth . (he)
12- This problem can’t be solved . (no body)
13- He didn’t invite me to his party . (I)
14- I’m going to lend her my camera . (she)
15- He paid me a lot of money . (was)
16- People will show here the new project . (she)
تركيبات في صيــغه المبني للمجـــهول
It's said that ------------- It's believed that------------
He is said to------------- He is believed to------------
يستخدم هذا الأسلوب عندما نعبر عن ما يقوله الناس عموما ولكن يستخدم مع أفعال معينه :
Agree يوافق Claim يطالب يقررdecide يؤكدassume
Allege يزعم Discover يكتشف يتوقع expect يعرفknow
Deny ينكر Consider يعتبر يفهمunderstand يعتقدthink
Suggestيقترح Sayيقو ل يوصيrecommend يفترضsuppose
عنــد تحـويل هـذه الافعـال الــي المبنــي للمجــهول هنــاك طريقـتان :
It (is - was) + التصريف الثالث للأفعال السابقة + that + الجملة المكتوبة
فاعل + am - is-are-was-were +التصريف الثالث للأفعال السابقة to + المصدر
People believe that he is rich :
- It's believed that he is rich. الطريقة الأولي
- He is believed to be rich. الطريقة الثانية
لاحظ في الطريقه الثانيه حذف that وتحويل is إلي المصدر be to .
نبدا بفاعل الجمله الثانيه الذي بعد that ليكون فاعل الجملة الجديدة.
Ex :
- People say that he travels to Paris every year.
- It's said that he travels to Paris every year.
- He is said to travel to Paris every year.
ملحوظه : يستخدم هذا التعبير في كل الازمنه :
- They have denied that they stole the money.
- It has been denied that they stole they money.
- They have been denied to steal the money.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــ
Choose the correct answer:
1- Dr Zewail is known ----------the first Arab to win the Nobel Prize.
a- that he b- to be c- he was d- he is
2- It is -----------that there is no water on the moon.
a- believed b- believes c- believe d- believing
3- -------------------- to commit suicide.
a- It reported b- It is reporting c- It's reported d- He report
4- She --------for her role in helping the poor.
a- know b- were known c- is known d- knowing
5- It's reported that the thief ------------.
a- has caught b- has been caught c- will catch d- would catch
6- The criminal ---------------to have escaped.
a- reported b- reports c- has reported d- was reported
7- It ------------that they climbed Everest.
a- allege b- is reported c-was reporting d- is reporting
8- The workers -------------- their wages to be increased.
a-is thinking b- are thinking c- are thought d- thinking
9- It -------------------that the earth is not exactly round.
a- has been proved b- proved c- is proving d- had proved
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- People say that money can't do everything. (is said)
2- I think Ali is the cleverest student in the class. (It's believed)
3- It's alleged that he sold his old car (He)
4- People aren't sure if Ali's car was stolen (It's believed)
5- To exercise daily is necessary for good health. (It's known that ---)
6- Pollution is reported to be very dangerous. (It's reported that)
7- The police alleged that the thief has escaped. (The thief)
8- We believe that she is capable of doing the task (is believed)
9- Can you look for my bag? (I wonder)
10- Everyone agreed that the plan should go ahead. (The plan)
Verbs followed by to + the infinitive:
افعال يتبعها to والمصدر فقط :
يعــد Promise يستطيع Manage يطلب Demand يوافق Agree
يقرر decide يشتاق Long يستحق Deserve يريد Want
يامل Wish يقصد Mean يتوقع Expect يخطط Plan
يهدد Threaten يعرض Offer يامل Hope يرفض Refuse
يمكن Enable يتظاهر pretend يتعلم Learn يحاول attempt
He offered to help us he decided to stay at home.
She wants to be a teacher. The thief managed to escape.
افعال يتبعها(gerund) الفعل + : ing
يشمل Involve يستمر Keep on يقترح Suggest يتجنب Avoid
Miss يمانع Mind يوصي Recommend يتمتع Enjoy
لا فائده It's no use يكره Dislike يتخيل Imagine ينكر Deny
لا اتحمل Can't help يعترف Admit يتخيل Fancy ينهي Finish
لا اتحمل Can't stand يؤجل
Postpone
يؤجل Put off يذهب Go
I enjoy watching television. He suggested going to the cinema.
Hatem denied breaking the glass. Fancy meeting you here.
افعال يتبعها(gerund) الفعل + ing او to والمصدرمع تغيير طفيف في المعني. :
يكره hate يحب like يستمر continue يبدا begin
لا يتحمل can't bear يحب love يفضل prefer يبدا start
I like spending the weekend in Alexandria. (عموما )
I like to spend the weekend in Alexandria. (مناسبه خاصه )
افعال يتبعها(gerund) الفعل + ing او to والمصدرمع تغييركبيرفي المعني. :
To + المصدر يتذكر ان يفعل الشيء
Remember
V + ing يتذكر انه فعل الشيء
He remembered to post the letter.
He remembered posting the letter.
To + المصدر ينسي ان يفعل الشيء
Forget
V + ing ينسي انه فعل الشيء
He forgot to lock the car.
He forgot locking the car.
To + المصدر ياسف انه مضطر لفعل الشيء
Regret
V + ing ياسف او يندم لانه فعل الشيء
I regret to phone him late at night.
I regretted phoniong him late at night.
To + المصدر يبذل مجهود لكي يفعل الشيء
Try
V + ing يجرب و سيري ما سوف يحدث
He tried to fix the car but he couldn't.
He tried taking the medicine.
To + المصدر يتوقف لكي يفعل الشيء
Stop
V + ing يتوقف عن فعل الشيء
He stopped to have coffee.
He stopped having coffee.
Choose the correct answer:
1- I have finished -------------------------the report.
a- write b-writing c – to write d- wrote
2- He suggested-------------------------for a swim.
a- to swim b-to swimming c – swimming d- is swimming
3- He decided ------------------------------his car.
a- sell b- to sell
c – selling
d- to selling
4- Maha agreed to go-------------------------with us.
a- to sail b- to sailing c – sailing d- sailed
5- Fancy--------------------you here.
a- seeing b- is seeing c – was seeing d- see
6- I wanted to avoid ---------------------her but I couldn't.
a- meet b- met c – is meeting d- meeting
7- He demanded ----------------------the manager.
a- would see b- will see c – to see d- seeing
8- He deserved---------------------punished.
a- being b- to being c – would be d- to be
9- The thief denied------------------------the money.
a- stolen b- was stealing c – to steal d- stealing
10- We have arranged -------------------------at 9 o'clock.
a-meeting b- will meet c – to meet d- met
11- He wanted-----------------------------a new camera.
a- buying b- to be bought c – to buy d- to buying
12- I can't stand -----------------------------listening to him.
a- listened b- to listen c – listening d- to be listened
13- He longed ----------------------------back home.
a- to be b- being c – to being d- would be
14- Don't try ------------------if you have never driven before.
a- to drive b- drove c – driving d- to be driven
15- Stop-------------------------, you are giving me a headache.
a- to shout b-shouted c – shouting d- to shouting
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- I didn't expect to meet you here. ( Fancy)
2- He said he didn't steal the money. ( denied)
3- I haven't done my homework yet. (finished)
4- Let's play tennis. ( he suggested)
5- I can do what I want and you can't stop me. ( You can't stop)
6- Would you switch off the light? ( mind)
7- He said it was true that he killed the guard. ( admitted)
8- He said he wouldn't eat anything. ( refused)
9- He said that he would be happy to help me. ( mind)
10- He asked me to be quick in driving. ( quickly)
11- I'd like to have tea with little sugar. (feel like)
12- Hanan was sorry for not helping the poor lady. (regretted)
13- We like to have tea. (enjoy)
14- He hopes to get the prize. (look forward)
15- I no longer borrow books from the library. (stop)
Should (Ought to) + مصدر:
ينبغي ان – لابد وتستخدم لاعطاء النصيحه (في المضارع)
It's necessary to study more. ( should – ought )
You should \ ought to study more.
I advise you to study more.
Shouldn't – oughtn't to: وفي النفــي
It is important not to disturb him. ( should)
You shouldn't disturb him.
You oughtn't to come late.
Should (Ought to) +have + P.P:
كان ينبغي ان تفعل شيء (في الماضي)
It was necessary for you to phone me. ( should)
You should have phoned me.
You ought to have studied hard.
Shouldn't ( oughtn't to )+have + P.P :
لم يكن ينبغي ان تفعل شيء( في الماضي )
It wasn't necessay to come late. ( ought)
You shouldn't have exceeded the speed limit.
You oughtn't to have come late.
Must + مصدر
لابد ان وتستخدم للتعبيرعن الالزام في الحاضر مصدر have to – has to +
It's necessary to follow the rules. ( must)
You must follow the traffic rules. You have to pay taxes.
Mustn't + مصدر
تعبر عن التحريم او حظر فعل شيء في المضارع
It's forbidden to smoke near a patient. ( mustn't)
You mustn't smoke near a patient.
You mustn't take photos near a military zone.
لابد ان وتستخدم للتعبيرعن الالزام في الماضي مصدر had to +
It was necessary for you to phone me. ( had to)
You had to phone me.
Choose the correct answer:
1- You ---------------------enter the mosque in shoes.
a- should b- needn't c – oughtn't d- shouldn't
2- They ------------------study hard. The exam is near.
a- must b-had to c – needn't d- mustn't
3- They insisted that we--------------------have a meal.
a- must b- should c – have to d- may
4- You--------------------see the film if you have the chance.
a- must b- should c – ought to d- needn't
5- I'm sorry I couldn't meet you yesterday. I --------------------work hard.
a- have to b- had to c – must d- may
6- I---------------him last week but I didn't.
a- should visit b- needn't visit c – had to visit d- may have visited
7- I can hear you well. You-------------------------shout.
a- needn't b- mustn't c – won't d- had to
8- I didn't know there was a meeting. You---------------------me.
a- must tell b- should have told c – should tell d- may tell
9- You------------take anything out of a shop without paying for it.
a- mustn't b- may not c – needn't d- could
10- The buses are full. I------------------take a taxi.
a- should b- might c – ought d- must
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- I t was necessary to buy a new camera. ( had to)
2- You mustn't wait here. ( allowed)
3- It's not a good thing to waste your time. ( shouldn't)
4- It isn't a good idea to travel during rush hours. ( shouldn't)
5- Would you like me to post the letter for you? ( Shall)
6- He needn't stay up late. ( doesn't)
7- You should learn a foreign language. ( advise)
8- It's necessary to get up early. ( ought)
9- It's forbidden to park here. ( mustn't)
10- What would you advise me to do? ( should)
11- There is a possibility that it will rain tomorrow. ( might)
12- I'd like you to help me with my home work. ( Will)
13- You should finish this task today. ( necessary)
14- Is it necessary to tell him? ( have to)
15- If I were you, I'd refuse his invitation. ( should)
16- Smoking is not allowed here. ( mustn't)
17- Does she have to take some rest? ( necessary)
18- He needn't go to school on Friday. ( have to)
19- It's necessary to pass the exam to join the university. ( must)
20- It would be a good idea for him to take a holiday. ( has to)
تكوينه :
يتكون الحال خاصه الذي يدل علي الطريقه باضافه ly الي نهايه الصفه .
Slow slowly nice nicely usual usually
ملاحظات :
1- الصفات التي تنتهي ب (le) نحذف الــ (e) ونضيف (y) .
Horrible horribly terrible terribly
2- الصفات التي تنتهي بــ (y) نحذفها ونضيف (ily)
Happy happily funny funnily
3- هناك بعض الكلمات تشتخدم كصفات واحوال دون اي اضافات .
Fast – hard – early – late.
I took the fast train. He runs fast
This is a hard test. He works hard.
4- اذا كانت الصفه تنتهي بــ ( ly ) تتكون شبه جمله ظرفيه :
In + a \ an + صفه تنتهي بــ ly + way
Friendly in a friendly way
Ugly in an ugly way
They treated us in a brotherly way.
Adverbs of degree.
( extremely – very – fairly – rather – quite )
تستخدم ظروف الدرجه لوصف الصفه – الفعل – الظرف .
The Nile is extremely long.
I completely agree with you.
He is very friendly.
Choose the correct answer:
1- He has no money he is ---------------------------poor.
a- very b-fairly c- quite d-extremely
1- You should climb the stairs ---------------------------------.
a- careful b- care c- carefully d-carelessly
3- My sister is a good student, her studies------------------------------------------.
a- well b- good c- goodly d- willingly
4- Rasha is -------------------. She thinks that she is the most beautiful girl.
a- conceit b-conceited c-unconnected d-pleasant
5- He thinks of himself only. He is ---------------------------------.
a- conceited b- tolerant c- married d- selfish
6- My father ran very -------------------------and caught a thief.
a- fatly b- fast
c- fastness
d-fasten
7- I sometimes get up ---------------------and miss the bus.
a- late b- lately c- later d- lateness
8- He played the match very ------------, so he lost it.
a-bad b-badly c- badness d- good
9- This girl behaves in a --------------------------way.
a-friend b-friendship c-friendly d- pen friend
10- He couldn't buy the suit because it was ------------------------expensive.
a- rather b- quite c-never d- hardly
11- Basma is very beautiful and quite well-build ------------------------long black hair.
a - in b- with c- by d- of
12- We like our English teacher. He is --------------------a good person.
a-quite b- rather c- never d- hardly
13- She is very ----------------------. She is never angry or sad.
a- cheer b- silly c- efficient d- cheerful
14- It is raining ----------------------------.
a- heavy b- heavily c-heaviness d-heavenly
15- Shimaa does her work ----------------------------. She is efficient.
a-good b- well c- proper d- prepare
Rewrite the following sentences:
1 - He is a good speaker of English. (speaks)
2- She is a nice singer. (nicely)
3- He left home a few minutes ago. (just)
4- I had a meal. Then I took the medicine. (After)
5- I believe he is unhappy. (seems)
6- The pupil was bad when he answered the question. (badly)
7- The boy is dishonest. (honest)
8- He is tall and has hot blue eyes. (with)
9- Ali is setting behind Amer. (front)
10- The shop is on the right of the bus stop. (left)
11- He is fluent in English. (fluently)
12- Pressure affects everyone in the society. (effect)
13- He was an efficient worker. (efficiently)
14- He is a very good driver. (Well)
Who \ that ((الذي- التي --- -للعاقل
تحل محل الفاعل العاقل ويأتي بعدها الفعل
- That is the doctor. He cured your father.
That is the doctor who cured your father.
- The girl is my daughter. She won the medal.
The girl who\ that won the medal is my daughter.
وفي هذه الحالة لا يمكن حذفها .
Who – whom – that (الذي – التي)
تحل محل المفعول العاقل ويأتي بعدها الفاعل)
-She married the man. She loved him.
She married the man whom \ who \ that\she loved.
- The men were honest. I lived with them in London.
The men with whom I lived in London were honest.
The men I lived with in London were rich. لاحظ حذف الضمير
وفي هذه الحالة يمكن حذف هذه الضمائر وتفهم من سياق الجمله .
Which \ that (الذي – التي)
وتحل محل الفاعل والمفعول غيرا لعاقل ويأتي بعدها الفاعل أو الفعل
يمكن حذفها إذا كانت تحل محل المفعول أي يأتي بعدها الفاعل
- He works for a company. It manufactures computers.
He works for a company which \ that manufactures computers
- The film was boring. I watch it last night.
The film which \ that I watched last night was boring.
The film I watched yesterday was boring.لاحظ حذف الضمير
Whose) في الجمله الثانيه his – her – their – its وتحل محل ضمائر الملكيه (
- The man reported the police. His flat was robbed.
The man whose flat was robbed reported the police.
- The plan had to land. Its engine was out of order.
The plane whose engine was out of order had to land.
- I met the boy. The boy’s father was killed.
I met the boy whose father was killed.
- That’s my grandfather. We live in his house.
That’s my grandfather whose house we live in.
That’s my grandfather in whose house we live.
يمكن استخدام حرف الجر قبل whose آو بعد الفعل ولا يمكن استخدام that بدلا منها.
Where حيث وتحل محل المكان ويأتي قبلها المكان مباشره
- This is my school. I study in it.
This is my school where I study.
This is my school which I study in.
When حيث وتحل محل الزمان ويأتي قبلها مباشرة الزمان
- They visit my on Friday. I am at home at that day.
They visit me on Friday when I am at home.
- June is the month. We go on holiday in it.
June is the month when we go on holiday
Summary:
Who
Whom
That
which الذي – التي ( العاقل)
الذي – التي ( المفعول العاقل)
الذي – التي ( للعاقل وغير العاقل)
الذي – التي ( غير العاقل ( Whose
Where
When
what الذي له ( للملكية)
حيث ( للمكان)
حيث ( للزمان)
ما (لغير العاقل)
1- The man........ Sent you this letter is my cousin.
a- which
b- whose c- whom d- who
2- The flat........ I lives had only two rooms.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
3-This is the cassette …….. Won the prize.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
4-Eight o’clock is …….. I usually go to work.
a- what b-whose c- whom d-when
5-The suit ……... you are wearing is fashionable.
a- which b-where c- whose d-who
6-London is the largest city in England …… my pen friend lives.
a- which b-whose c- where d-what
7-This is the book ……. I keep in my bag.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
8-My birthday is the day ……. I was born.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-when
9-My father is the person …….. Wife is my mother.
a- which b-whose c- where d-who
9- The youth --------traveled abroad could make a lot of money.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
10- He is the Egyptian -------- has won the gold medal.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
11- This is the camera ------------ a week ago.
a- which he lent it to me b- he lent me it
c- He lent me d- that he lent me it
12- There is a hairdresser nearby -------- I have my hair cut.
a- which b-where c- whom d-when
13- The man -------leg was broken was taken to hospital.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
14- This is the house -----------I lived when I was a child.
a- which b-where c- when d-whose
15-I doesn't know the man -------- I met yesterday.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
16- You should decide ---------girl is mistaken.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
17- The girl -------------- I told about is coming towards us.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-when
18- That is the painting --------- price is over 10.000 pounds.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
19- The musician ------------ is well known.
a- you read about him b- You read about
c- whom you read about him d- that you read about him
20- He did -------- I told him to do.
a- what b-whose c- whose d-who
21- This is the company in ---------- he works.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
22- This is exactly -------------I wanted you to do at once.
a- who b-whose c- whom d-what
23- The Egyptians are -------- shaping a bright future.
a- able to b-capable c- enable d-have ability
24- Computers ---------us to communicate with other countries.
a- able to b-capable c- enable d-have ability
25- Paper is made --------- cotton or wood.
a- in b-from c- of d-by
26-This is the football team ------- members have won the gold medal.
a- who b-whose c- whom d-what
27- Is that the singer about ---------- you told me?
a- who b-whose c- whom d-what
Rewrite the following sentences
1- Ahmed often travels to England. His wife is English. ( whose)
2- the library is a place and we like to read in it ( where)
3- Do you know that man? He is standing over there. ( who )
4- Who is the girl? We met her yesterday. (whom)
5- He told me a story. I have never heard it before (which)
6- We understand our lessons with the help of our teachers. (enable)
7- means of transport help countries to exchange goods (enable)
8- The police haven’t found the man. he stole the money ( that)
9- Do you know the girl? you borrowed her book ( whose)
10-There is a cinema near our house. We spend our time in it (which)
11-The boy plays the guitar, he is my son. (Who)
12-This is the bank. T worked in it for ten years. (Where)
13- That is my friend, his father is a doctor. (Whose)
14- This is the library; I spend most of my time in it. (Where)
15-The man was angry because his car was stolen. (Whose)
16- He wants to know the time of his arrival. (When)
17-When the police dog saw the thief. It attacked him. (Which)
مضارع بسيط , will + المصدر
If ماضي بسيط , would + المصدر
ماضي تا م , would have + P.P
If + مضارع بسيط , مضارع بسيط
تستـخـدم للتعبير عن مــواقــف حــقـيقــية
If you heat water, it turns into steam. If you don't water plants, they die.
مضــــارع بسيــــــــط , will + الــمـــــــصدر
If
مضــــارع بسيــــــــط , أمـــر – نـــهي – رجـــــاء
If you meet Osama, give him this letter please.
1- امكانيه ( احتمال حدوث شيء في المستقبل.
If the sun shines, we will go out.
2- توقعات ( تنبؤات) أو وعود في المستقبل.
If you will play will, you will win. If you succeed, I'll give you a present.
مــلاحــظــات:
1- يمكن استخدام can, may بدلا من will
2- يمكن تكوين سؤال علي الحالة الأولي بـ what
What + will + فاعل + do + if + فعل الشرط (مضارع بسيط)?
What will you do if you get a job?
3- يمكن استخدام should بدلا من if في الحالة الأولي .
If he studies hard, he will succeed.
Should he study hard, he would succeed.
The second conditional
If + مــاضـــي بسيــط , would + الــمـــــــصدر
If she studied, she would succeed.
تستخدم الحالة الثانية في الحالات الاتيه:
1- للتعبير عن حدث غير محتمل أو مستحيل وقوعه في الوقت الحاضر
If I didn't feel so tired, I'd go out with you
If I were rich, I would buy a car.
2- إعطاء النصيحة
If I were you, I'd see a doctor.
مــلاحــظــات:
1- يمكن استخدام could, might بدلا من would
If he were strong enough, he could carry the heavy bag.
2- تحول الجملة المثيته إلي منفية والعكس عند استخدام الحالة الثانية.
3- يأتي بعد if ألجمله بعد as, because والجملة قبل therefore , so , that's why .
He can go for a swim because it's fine. (If)
He wouldn't go for a swim if it weren't fine.
I'm too busy therefore I can't visit him today. (If)
If I weren't too busy, I'd visit him today.
4- يمكن استخدام should بدلا من if في الحالة الثانية .
If he studied, he'd succeed.
Should he study, he would succeed.
5- يمكن استخدام Had بدلا من if في الحالة الثانية .
If I had enough money, I'd buy a new house.
Had I enough money, I'd buy a new house.
وفي حـالـة السـؤال
What + would فاعل + + do + if +فعل الشرط (ماضي بسيط) ?
What you would do if your car was stolen?
I'd tell the police.
The third conditional
If + مــاضـــ تـام , would have + p. p.
تستخدم الحالة الثالثة للتعبير عن مواقف مستحيلة الوقوع في الماضي.
He didn't get up early, so he didn't catch the bus. (If)
If he had got up early, he would have caught the bus.
He was angry because we called him a bad name. (If)
If we hadn't called him a bad name, he wouldn't have been angry.
مــلاحــظــات:
1- تحول الجملة المثيته إلي منفية والعكس
2- يأتي بعد if ألجمله بعد as, because والجملة قبل therefore , so , that's why .
3- يمكن استخدام Had بدلا من if في الحالة الثالثة .
If she had studied, she would have succeeded.
Had she studied, she would have succeeded.
وفي حـالـة السـؤال
What + would فاعل + +have done + if +فعل الشرط (ماضي تام) ?
What you have done if you had practiced well?
I'd have won the medal.
Unless = if not
تستخدم unless بدلا من if في النفي ولها نفس القواعد .
If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. (Unless)
Unless he had worked hard, he wouldn't have passed the exam.
Unless he had worked hard, he would have failed the exam.
يمكن استخدام incase of بدلا من if في الإثبات ويأتي بعدها اسم أو فعل + ing .
If you are strong, you will defeat your enemy.
Incase of being strong, you will defeat your enemy.
Incase of your strength, you will defeat your enemy.
يمكن استخدام without, but for بدلا من if في النفي.
If I don't finish early, I won't go home early. (Without)
Unless I finish early, I won't go home early. (Without)
Without finishing early, I won't go home early.
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام without, but for بدلا من if والفعل بعدها منفي أو بدلا من unless والفعل بعدها مثبت .
يمكن استخدام if it weren't for بدلا من without في الحالة الثانية.
Without + اسم would + المـصــد ر
If it weren't for + اسم would + المـصــد ر
Without hard work, he wouldn't pass the exam.
If it weren't for hard work, he wouldn't pass the exam.
يمكن استخدام if it hadn't been for بدلا من without في الحالة الثالثة.
Without + اســم would have + p. p
If it hadn't been for + اســـم would have + p. p
Without hard work, he wouldn't pass the exam.
If it hadn't been for hard work, he wouldn't have passed the exam.
Choose the correct answer:
1- Had I had a good memory? I ------------remembered his name.
a - would have b- will have c- shall have d- may have
2- ---------------------I phoned him, he wouldn't have come in time.
a- Unless b- Hadn't c- If d- Provided
3- -----------------------he hurries up, he will miss the train.
a- If b- Without c Unless - d- But for
4- -----------------he enough money, he would buy a car.
a- Were b- Unless c Without - d- Had
5- I would have bought this car unless I -------------------in trouble.
a- had been b- have been c- were d- am
6- ----------------in your position, I'd accept his offer.
a- Had b- Were c Unless - d- Without
7- If a volcano erupts, it -----------------dust into the atmosphere.
a- will send b- sent c- send d- would send
8- If the ice caps melt, the sea level -----------------------.
a- rises b- would rise c rose - d- have risen
9- If he hadn't bought a car, he -------------------that accident.
a- wouldn't have b- hadn't had c didn't have d- wouldn't have had
10- If he had been more careful, he------------------all these mistakes.
a- would make b- - wouldn't make c-Would have made d- wouldn't have made
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets:
1- Due to his carelessness, he lost his money (if)
2- Without my father's help, I wouldn't have passed the test (unless)
3- Hurry up or you won't catch the bus (if)
4- He can't get married now because he doesn't have a flat. (Had)
5- He won't join the army since he is short (if)
6- I forgot your address so I didn't send you an invitation (if)
7- He didn't help her, so she didn't finish in time. (If)
8- He was out, so he didn't see the robbery (unless)
9- The shirt is too tight so I can't wear it (provided)
10- Due to his intelligence, he achieved great progress. (If)
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
الاسماء المعدوده والاسماء غير المعدوده
Countable nouns الأســماء المعــدودة :
1- الاسم المفرد الذي يمكن جمعه
2- نضع قبله a , an في المفرد ويجمع بإضافة ies , es , s .
A boy boys A box boxes
An orange oranges a party parties
3- وقد يكون له جمع شاذ مثل :
A child children a man men
4- يمكن أن تسبقه الكلمات أو التعبيرات الآتية مع الاسم المعدود في الجمع:
Some , any , many , a few , few
A lot of, a great number of, a plenty of
I'd like some magazines
Do you want any books ?
There are a few apples in the fridge.
5- ونسال عنه بــHow many كم العدد
How many books did you buy?
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــ
Uncountable nouns: الأســماء غــير المعــدودة
1- هو الاسم المفرد الذي لا يمكن عده ( جمعه) والدال علي الكميه
2- لا يسبقه a , an ولا نضيف له s .
(bread , cheese , sugar , milk , water , ink , information , petrol , home work , news )
3- يمكن ان تسبقه الكلمات الاتيه :
Some, any, much , a little, little , a great amount of ,
- a lot of , a piece of , a bit of
- I'd like a piece of information.
- I'd like to drink some milk.
- There is a little sugar.
4- نسال عنه بــ How much وليس How many .
How much money do you want?
5- يأخذ بعده فعل مفرد وليس جمع .
All the information is true .
Money plays an important role in our life.
6- هناك بعض الاسماء تنتهي بحرف s لكن تعامل معامله المفرد.
- Maths رياضيات
- Physicsفيزياء
- Athleticsألعاب رياضيه
- Gymnasticsالجمباز
يمكن تحويل الأسماء التي لا تعد إلي أسماء تعد باستخدام:
- (items of – bits of – pieces of – sheets of –loaves of – slices of------)
- I'd like a piece of advice .
- I'd like pieces of advice .
هناك أسماء يمكن أن تعد أو لا تعد حسب المعني :
Light ضوء A light لمبه
Coffee بن A coffee فنجان قهوه
Iron حديد An iron مكواه
Experience خبره An experience موقف – تجربه
Hair شعره A hair شعره سقطت من جسم الانسان
Ex :
1- He drank a lot of milk . (many)
- He drank many cups of milk.
2- He gave me valuable advice. ( a)
- He gave me a piece of valuable advice.
3- I bought a little glue (few)
- I bought few tubes of glue
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Choose the correct answer :
1- He didn't stay so long a time , only ------------------days.
a- much b- a few c- a little d- a lot
2- I'd like to buy -------------flowers , please.
a- one b- a little c- a d- some
3- I want a-------------------of chalk .
a- one b- piece c- lots d- few
4- May I have -------------------stories , please?
a- any b- few c- some d- the
5- I haven't got --------------money left .
a- many b- much c- some d- few
6- Mathematics -----------------------an interesting subject.
a- are b- is c- has d- have
7- a -------------students were absent yesterday.
a- Little b- A lot c- Some d- Few
8- Please give me ------------------water.
a- any b- many c- some d- few
9- She told us a ----------------of stories.
a- much b- some c- lot d- little
10- Will you buy ----------------------butter?
a- some b- many c- any d- few
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــ
الضمائر المنعكسه
ضما ئر الفاعل ضمائر المفعول ضمائر ملكيه متبوعة باسم ضمائر ملكي غير متبوعة باسم الضمائر المنعكسة
I Me My Mine Myself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Their selves
Youللمفرد You Your Yours Yourself
Youللجمع You Your Yours yourselves
استخدامها :
1- عندما يكون المفعول به هو نفسه الفاعل.
Sarah cut herself when she was peeling an orange
I am teaching myself English
2- تستخدم للتأكيد (ويستخدم بعد الفاعل آو المفعول أو الفعل المتعدي )
The president himself came here yesterday.
I have done the homework my self.
Hala went herself.
3- تستعمل by قبل هذه الضمائر بمعني بمفرده آو وحده ( بدون مساعده) on my own.
By myself = alone = with no help
The old woman lives by herself = alone = on her own.
I learned to use this computer by myself = without any help.
4- one self يمكن استخدامها كضمير منعكس .
One can hurt oneself this way.
5- لا تستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة بعد أفعال معينه مثل :
Dress – wash – shower – shave –relax – remember – rest – wonder – worry – hurry
I got up, dressed and went to work.
6- لا تستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة بعد حروف جر المكان أو الموقع.
She put her books next to her
My father likes to have all his family near (him – himself – his)
ادرس هذه التعبيرات جيدا
Enjoy yourself = have a good time.
Behave yourself = be good.
She lives by herself = she lives alone
I like being by myself = I like being alone.
Help yourself to tea = don't wait to be offered tea.
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- Sami and Ali were injured when they fell off their bicycles. (themselves)
2- She went to the club alone (herself)
3- They had a good time at the club (themselves)
4- No one helped her do her homework. (herself)
5- I don't have my clothes ironed (on my own)
6- He did his homework with no help. (himself)
7-He doesn't like to stay alone in the house (himself)
8- He did every thing with no help (himself)
9- On the second floor there are two bed rooms (upstairs
12- I hope your son behave well (himself)
13- I repaired the watch with no help. (my self)
الاستنتــاج
Must be لابد انه ----------
تعبر عن شبه تأكيد في الوقت الحاضر.
He always gets top mark. He must be intelligent.
Must have + p . p لابد انه كان --------------
تعبر عن شبه تأكيد في الماضي.
He was absent yesterday, he must have been ill.
The door was broken; the thief must have entered through it.
Can't be لا يمكن أن يكون -----------------
تعبر أن المتكلم شبه متأكد من عدم كونيه الشيء في المضارع.
He has a car, he can't be poor.
Can't have + p . p لا يمكن انه كان ------------
تعبر أن المتكلم شبه متأكد من عدم كونيه الشيء في الماضي.
I phoned you but no one answered, he can't have been at home.
Could + مصدر
May be تعبر عن استنتاج غير مؤكد في المضارع
This tourist could \ may be French, I'm not sure.
Could have + p . p تعبر عن استنتاج غير مؤكد في الماضي
The thief could have escaped through the window.
Might be غير متأكد تماما (احتمال بعيد في المضارع)
He speaks German, he might be Egyptian.
Might have + p . p في الماضي ) غير متأكد تماما ( احتمال بعيد
He might have answered the exam, he answered nothing.
درجات التأكيد في المضارع
He is ill (certain)
He must be ill. (near certain)
He may be certain (uncertain)
He might be ill. (very uncertain)
درجات التأكيد في الماضي
He was ill (certain)
He must have been ill. (near certain)
He may have been certain (uncertain)
He might have been ill. (very uncertain)
Choose the correct answer.
1- Ahmed is a professor of chemistry. He ---------------------very clever.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
2- The telephone range, but I didn't hear it. I --------------been a sleep.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
3- That -----------Ahmed. He looks very old.
a- can't be b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
4- You ------------learned hard to learn it.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
5- You ----------------driven for 20 years, you drive badly.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
6-his daughter joined the faculty of medicine, she ------------------been clever.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
7- The thief -----------entered through the window because it was locked.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
8- It -----------my home work. It isn't my hand writing.
a- can't be b- must be c- can't have been d- couldn't have
9- I'm not sure, he ---------------tired when he stopped working.
a- might be b- might have been c- can't have been d- couldn't have
10- Stop, you'll punish! You ---------------have parked.
a- shouldn't b- must c- can't d- might not
Rewrite the following:
1-I think she had come late because of the traffic jam. (must)
2-I'm sure Ahmed didn't boil the water before he made the tea. (couldn't)
3-It isn't possible that he caught the train (couldn't)
4-I'm very uncertain he received my letter. (might)
5-Perhaps my uncle went shopping. (may)
6-I was quite sure that he didn't commit this serious crime on purpose (can't)
7-Globalwarming is causing ice caps to melt. (as a result of)
روابط تدل علي التناقض:
Although + فعل + فاعل بالرغم من
Though فعل + فاعل + بالرغم من
Even though فعل + فاعل + بالرغم م
Whether --------or not سواء ----------- أم لا
Although he is young, he is wise.
I will buy this shirt even though it is expensive.
I will buy this shirt whether it is cheap or not.
(v) + Ing بالرغم من
In spite of + despite
(n) بالرغم من
In spite of being innocent, he was punished.
Despite his innocence, he was punished.
However
But لكن فعل + فاعل
Yet
He is rich, but (however) he is unhappy.
صفه)) حال + as +فعل + فاعل
However (حال) بالرغم من فعل + فاعل + صفه
Whatever فعل + فاعل + اسم
Ex : He was strong. He was defeated.
Strong as he was, he was defeated.
However strong he was, he was defeated.
Whatever his strength, he was defeated.
روابط تدل علي الاضافه :
الفاعل not only فعل -----, but also ----------- ليس فقط- لكن أيضا
الفاعل not only فعل -----, but-------as well . ليس فقط- لكن أيضا
She not only went to the market but she also went to the zoo.
He not only succeeded, but he got high marks as well.
In addition to v + ing
Besides بالا أضافه إلي
As well as noun
In addition to (Besides) going to the market, she went to the zoo.
ملحوظة :
إذا استخدمنا not only في بداية الجملة فان الجملة بعدها تكون علي هيئه سؤال.
Not only + فعل + فاعل + فعل مساعد
Not only did she go to the market, but she went to the zoo as well.
إذا ربطت as well as بين فاعلين فان فعل الجملة يتبع الفاعل الأول.
He is a teacher. I’m a teacher.
روابط تدل علي السبب:
Because
As فعل + فاعل لان - بسبب
Since
He stayed in bed because (as-since) he was ill.
Because of v + ing
Owing to بسبب
Due to
As a result of noun
He stayed in bed because of being ill (his illness)
روابط تدل علي النتيجة:
So, therefore
That’s why, that’s the reason why لذلك – لذا – ولهذا السبب
Consequently
I felt ill. I went to bed.
I felt ill so I went to bed
I didn’t have enough money; consequently I didn’t buy a car.
روابط تدل علي الغرض :
To = in order to –in order not to + المصدر لكي
So as to – so as not to المصدر +
He studies hard to get high marks.
He studies hard so as not to fail.
So that = in order that فاعل + may (might) المصدر لكي
He works day and night. He wants to make money.
He works day and night so that he may make money.
He studies hard in order that he may get high marks.
He saved up for years. He aimed at buying a car
(Use: in order to – so that)
Choose the correct answer:
1- he worked hard ------------ he succeeded.
a- because b- as c- therefore d- unless
2- it was hot, ----------- we went swimming.
a- so b- because c- since d- although
3-- ----------- typing the report, she posted it.
a- in order to b- because c- in addition to d- since
4- Azza passed her exam ----------- being ill.
a- although b- because of c- but d- because
5- I tried the phone ------ there was no answer.
a- although b- despite c- but d- because
6- he is an expert at computer-------------he’s only 14.
a- so that b- because c- although d- but
7- I have never done karate --------- I have seen karate on TV.
a-if b- even if c- so d- as
8---------------he was a beginner, he won the gold medal.
a- because b- however c-Unless d- even though
9 - he didn’t stop smoking----------the doctor’s advice.
a-in spite of b- although c- however d- because
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- Though the film is boring, I am going to watch it. (whether------or not)
2- Although hr received high salary, he is not content. (Despite)
3- She graduated and got a job in a bank. (not only-----)
4- We sat in the living room and watched TV. (Watching)
5- On holiday he visited London and Paris. (Besides)
6- Despite his hard work, he is unlucky. (Although)
7- The shoes are old but comfortable. (Although)
8- He doesn’t like playing tennis. He doesn’t mind watching it on TV
(However)
9- I got the tape to record some music. (so that)
10- We cancelled our journey because of the rain. (because)
11- She always gets high marks because she is intelligent (owing to)
12- Although he spoke slowly, we couldn’t hear him (despite)
13- He is clever and his friends are clever too (as well as)
14- Hazem as well as his friends play football (not only)
15- Despite his serious illness, he went on working. (Although-despite)
16- I’d like to go to Luxor. I want to see the monuments. (So as to)
17- He couldn’t come due to his illness (since)
18- I have to run every day because I want to be healthy. (So)
الكلام غير المباشر
تحويل الجملة الخبرية :
الجملة الخبرية هي الجملة التي تتكون من فاعل وفعل
عند تحويل الجملة الخبرية إلى غير المباشر نتبع الخطوات الآتية :-
أولاً : يتغير فعل القول كما يلي :
Say say that Says says that
Say to tell + مفعول + that Says to Tells + مفعول + that
Said Said that Said to told + مفعول + that
* يمكن الاستغناء عن كلمة That
ثانياً :- يتغير زمن الجملة كالتالي :_
إذا كان فعل القول ماضي Said / Said to يتغير الزمن كالتالي :
ماضي بسيط Went مضارع بسيط Go
ماضي مستمر Was going مضارع مستمر is going
ماضي تام had gone مضارع تام has gone
ماضي تام / ماضي بسيط had gone / went ماضي بسيط Went
Will go مستقبل بسيط would go
Can could Shall should
Have to had to Has to had to
Must had to
ملحــوظـــة :- إذا كان فعل القول مضارع أو مستقبل say – says have said – has said – tell
تتغير الضمائر فقط ولا تتغير الأزمنة . تتغير الضمائر حسب المعنى
Ex.
He said “ I missed the train “ He said “ that he missed the train
He said to me “ I’ll reach London tomorrow
He told me ( that ) he would reach London the next day
يتغير الظروف وأسماء الإشارة كالتالى :
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
This That Tomorrow The next day
These Those Next ( week ) The following (week)
To day That day Here There
Tonight That night Yesterday The day before
Now Then Last (week) The previous week
Choose the correct answer:
1- He said that he ………… T. V then
a- is watching b) was watching c) had watched
2- My brother told me that he ………… at Cairo air port the next day.
a) Will arrive b) would arrive c) has arrived b) had arrived
3- He …… he would spend the weekend on his farm .
a) Said b) told c) asked d) ordered
4- He told me that he ………… answer my questions then
a) couldn’t b) didn’t c) doesn’t d) wouldn't
5- Mr. Hassan told me that he ………… the meeting the month before
a) Wouldn’t attend b) doesn’t attend c) hadn’t attended . d) didn't attended
Rewrite the following sentences.
1- He said to me “ I didn’t send her any letters “ " he told me "
2- He said to me “ If you like it , I’ll Take you to my house “ told “
3- You must take the medicine “ “ The doctor told me “
4- Ashraf told me that he didn’t want to go out that evening “ Ashraf said to me "
5- She told me that she had spent a lot of time in hospital the previous year
“ She said to me “
6- You can’t go out until you have finished “ Our teacher said that "
7- He said to me “ I’ll help you in our home work “ He told me
8- I’m going to move to Tanta “ Said Saim ‘ Salim said “ .
9- The price of the car is 20,000 pounds ‘ He told me
10- I’ m sure you mode many mistakes” " he told me"
11 - They said “ we’re writing the report now hey told me” . " the said that"
تحويل السؤال إلى غير مباشر
أولاً : إذا كان السؤال يبدأ بفعل مساعد .
1- يتغير فعل القول Said أو said to إلى asked .
2- تحذف الأقواس ونربط بـ if أو whether يليها فاعل ثم فعل ثم بقية الجملة ( جملة خبرية ) .
3- تتغير الأزمنة مثل الجملة الخبرية .
4- الترتيب يكون كالتالى :
باقى الجملة + فعل + فاعل + if + Asked فاعل
بدائل كلمة Asked :
He Enquired I didn’t know …………
He wonted to know Tell me …………
He wondered He would like to know
Ex .
“Are you coming to the party “ she asked me”
She asked me if I was coming to the party.
Did you get a computer ‘ He asked “
He asked if I had got a computer
He said to her “ Have you done your homework “ He wondered”
He wondered if I had done my home work
ملحوظة :
إذا كان السؤال يبدأ بأداة استفهام تحذف الأقواس ونربط بنفس أداة الاستفهام .
تحذف does / do وتحول الفعل إلى ماضى
تحذف did ويحول الفعل إلى ماضى تام ( had + P. P )
باقى الجملة – فعل – فاعل + أداة استفهام + asked فاعل
He said “ where can you get bread ?
He asked where I could get bread
He said “ what is your home ?
He asked what my name is
الجملة الأمرية أو الطلب أو النصيحة
عند التحويل إلى غير مباشر
تحويل فعل القول asked said – said to
وهنا بدائل أخرى لكلمة asked
ترجانى begged me نصحنى advised me
طلب منى request me أراد منى wanted me
أمرنى ordered me أمرنى told me
تربط الجملة بـ to أو not to ثم المصدر
To للجملة المثبته Not to للجملة المنفية
He asked me to + المصدر He asked me not to + المصدر
My teacher said “ Study hard to succeed”
My teacher advised me to study hard
Hazem said “ go home Mona “
Hazem told me to go home.
She said “ Don’t play with matches ‘
He told me not to play with matches.
I said to him “ please, writhe your name clearly “
I asked him to write his name clearly .
Rewrite the following sentences.
1- Do you speak English? “ I wondered “
2- Have you finished doing your exercise? “ I asked him “ .
3- He asked me what I was doing then. “ He said to me “
4- “ Where can I exchange some money ? “ He wonted to know “
5- Can you come to dinner on Fridays ? “ He asked me “
6- He said to me “ How long have you been waiting? “ " He asked "
7- “ Would you like to go sailing? “ “ He wondered “
8- “ Is mother making food? “ “ He wanted to know “.
9- He said to me, “ Give me your pen “ " He asked "
10- Mother said to her children “ Don’t play with matches “ " Mother warned"
11- He said “ Don’t go hear the sea, Ali " " he warned -----"
12- Could you open the door, please.? "He asked"
13- “ How did you get to school” she said " She asked "
14- I said to him “ where did you buy your car ? “ "I asked Ibrahim"
15- "What time does the train arrive? “ " I asked "
16- “ Have you had any thing to eat " "He asked me"
17- “ Who will come to the cinema with me” "Samy wondered”.
18- Don’t make too noise, please “ he said “He asked "
19- “ leave your keys on the desk, please” “ He told me “
20- Would you talk more quietly? "He asked "
21- “Would you turn on the T.V” “ She asked “ .
24- Don’t spend too much money on holidays “ My father told me”
السؤال المذيل
هو سؤال تضعه فى نهاية الجملة الخبرية مسبوقا بـ ( ,) للتأكيد ومعناه أليس كذلك .
كيفية تكوين السؤال المذيل
ضمير فاعل + فعل مساعد منفى جملة مثبتة .
ضمير فاعل + فعل مساعد مثبت جملة منفية .
Ahmed is a teacher, isn’t he?
They aren’t foreigner. Are they?
يراعى عند تكوين السؤال المذيل
1- إذا كانت الجملة مثبتة يكون السؤال منفى والعكس
2- نستخدم نفس الفعل المساعد الموجود فى الجملة am – is – will – can
3- إذا لم يكن فى الجملة فعل مساعد تستخدم Do does – did حسب زمن الجملة
4- نستخدم نفس الفاعل الموجود إذا كان ضمير ، أما إذا كان ضمير نستخدم الضمير الذى يعود عليه .
- Karima works hard. Doesn’t she?
- She is studying, isn’t she?
- He wrote the lesson, didn’t he?
هناك بعض الشواذ لابد أن تدرسها جيداً .
I’ m not a teacher, am I?
I’m late, aren’t I?
Open the door, with you? الجملة الأمرية
Don’t open the door, will you?
Let’s go out, shall we?
Let us go out, will you?
إذا وجدت فى الجملة إحدى هذه الكلمات فى الجملة تكون الجملة منفية وبالتالى يكون السؤال المذيل مثبت .
Hardly No …… Seldom نادراً Rarely نادراً
Never Scarcely نادراً Very little very few
She hardly cooks fish, does she?
وهذه الكلمات تعوض عنها بالضمير ( They ) .
Everyone Every body Someone Some body
Every one attended the party didn’t they?
No thing is lost, is it?
No one came late, did they?
Few and little تعطى معنى النفى ولذلك يكون السؤال المذيل مثبت
Few people know the answer, did they?
Little progress has been made, has it?
معناها قليل ولكن يكفى والجملةمثبته السؤال المذيل يكون منفى a few, a littl
A few people knew the answer, didn’t they?
A little progress has been made, hasn’t it?
Put a question tag: - .
1- Elephants are very strong animals ………?
2- She will miss the tram,
3- I never drink tea,
4- Let’s go and see the film ………?
5- You needn’t leave so early,
6- No one could tell me the answer ………?
7- No one warned you ………?
8- No thing could stop him ………?
9- The car broke down,
10- She can’t write ………?
11- The tea is very hot ………?
12- He hasn’t painted the room yet ………?
13- He hadn’t told me about here ………?
14- I'll visit him tomorrow ………?
15- They‘re playing football ………?
16- You’d rather stay at home ………?
17- You’d better stay at home ………?
18- Let us leave early ………?
19- You will do it alone ………?
20- He didn’t work yesterday ………?
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